History of French Cuisine from Conventional to Extraordinary Essay Example for Free

History of French Cuisine from Conventional to Extraordinary EssayDerived from the French language, bon appetit has been a familiar express know around the world. Meaning good appetite or enjoy your meal, bon appetit exemplifies the French culture. The French have been known for centuries of elegant and exquisite culinary art peculiarly gourmet desserts. Located in Western Europe between Italy and Spain, France has been a hotspot of enriched ancient culture. France flourished into a tourist location which ignited a intensify in Frances commercial kitchens. Chefs were obliged to create dishes that appealed to a growing audience. French culinary art has evolved extensively over the centuries. However, centuries of bliss and creativity was dampened with years of anguish and turmoil, when Germany occupy France during the Second creative activity state of war. Frances once plentiful fare supply quickly turned scarce. This forced cooks to utilize radical substitutions for in gredients and start practical meal planning. The hardships the French cuisine faced during 1940-1944 simultaneously changed the French lifestyle. Modern French viands now embodies simplicity yet class rustic yet red-brick. erst having everything then being stripped away to nothing, France needed to rebuild a cuisine embracing the past, present, and future. Therefore beginning from World War II to modern day, French cuisine has set aboutd many changes whereby impacting French culture. An adversary of Germany, France sustained a significant setback when Germany took control. Prior to the German occupation, French food was known has haute or grande cuisine. Traditional haute cuisine is highly noted all around the world. The food is well known due to the immense amount of preparation and initiation that goes into each dish.Precision plays a crucial role in creating an exquisite haute meal (Franklin). However, haute cuisine ceased to exist under German occupation and subsequent food shortages. Lines were long in front of French shops as lot hoped to purchase depleted foods and staple products. Burdened with these difficulties, the French government instituted food charts and tickets which were to be exchange for French staples. Items such as butter, bread, and meat were being rationed. Traditional cuisine then became obsolete due to citizens skimping on spices and decorations.Although the government tried to provide food subsidies, hunger still existed affecting the youth in urban areas. With the absence of standard foods normally seen in their diet, the French people searched for in the raw European dietetical substitutes (Beaufort). They ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke. Products such as sugar were replaced by alternatives such as saccharin. In situation of coffee, toasted barley mixed with chicory became the beverage of choice (French Classics). Scams and trickery got the best of people who were desperate for a meal during this time.Some people utilized the black market. There people could sell food without government tickets. Resulting in the prices being extremely high. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. along with the black market there was also direct buying from farmers in the countryside. The above activities carried the risk of fines and punishments as they were strictly prohibited by the government. In aloof country villages vegetable gardens, the availability of milk products, and illicit animal slaughtering provided better survival for the people verses those living in the large cities (Beaufort).Wine played a key role during World War II as well. Wine is commonly consumed during festive occasions it has been utilized during war as well. Over the years, wine has made an unusual appearance on the battlefield. Commanders have allowed their troops to consume wine on the front lines hoping for an increase in performance and moral. During World War II, the combination of wine and war played out in a heartfelt way. The French army did everything in their power to keep their wine and their depicted object identity out of the hands of the invading German forces (Saving).Although, the German forces did invade France, the consumption of wine on the frontline gave hope to the French soldiers that traditional French culture was being preserved during and after the war. The liberation of France began on June 6th, 1944. The Allied forces put forth into to action their plan, D-Day which was the invasion of France. After World War II, touristry signaled a newfound beginning for French cuisine. Tourism introduced the demand for haute cuisine at a reasonable price. Japanese, Middle Easterners, British, Americans, and even French travelers were yearning for new food experiences.French chefs were now determined to start a new style of cooking, one that would keep some traditional recipes but implement new ones. New cuisine was a counteraction to the classic hau te cuisine (Franklin). New cuisine or Nouvelle was the answer that chefs from all images of the world were looking for. Nouvelle cuisine had several characteristics. For example it was important that high quality and fresh products were utilized for cooking. The chefs would travel to markets every morning and look for the freshest products.These new and improved cooks would not bottom the idea of using any product that was not absolutely fresh or needed preservatives. Chefs simplified computer menu cards deleting a long angle of inclination of dishes. Smaller quantities and choices meant no leftovers guaranteeing freshness. Chefs were looking for quality and became more attracted by unfamiliar products. Foreign influences prevailed and chefs began to use exotic products from Asia, North Africa and Italy (Nouvelle Cuisine). In new cuisine recipes, fewer ingredients were used to enhance purity and light sauces substituted creamy, thick ones.Flexible preparation methods and more ex perimentation with non-traditional flavors allowed new cuisine to become popular (Franklin). Fortunately, this new cooking style is said to be less fattening. Chefs used limited meat in new recipes which stems from the shortage of meat during World War II. It is ideal for those seeking a healthier lifestyle. Additionally, the new cuisine was prepared with lighter ingredients such as herbs, quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar. This flexible and less expensive cuisine mainstreamed into restaurants and some other eateries (Beaufort).One byproduct of the new cuisine is the menu de degustation or tasting menu that was offered in many restaurants. Achieving notoriety, diners were eager to test all of the dishes of the new cuisine. Each member in a group had the opportunity to order a different appetizer, main course, and dessert. Tasting menus gave the diners the convenience to experience many varieties. Another byproduct of new cuisine is the choice of a la carte. It is a menu in which the patron makes individual selections from various menu categories and each item is priced separately. Serving single portions was seen as a rare new talent to chefs (Olver).The French culture was launched and savored by people around the world. World War II impacted French living for the better by reevaluating French values and introducing new French cuisine ideas. French cuisine influenced other cultures as well and many countries adapted new French cooking methods. Throughout the centuries, France was noted for its grandiose and eccentric lifestyle. Rich foods and lavish feasts were an integral part of the France culture. Chefs prepared French cuisine with the finest ingredients. Wine was served and enjoyed at every meal. Food was plentiful for all.All of this changed rapidly with the German Invasion in 1940. A looted and war torn country left the French people forced to explore new and less expensive ways to provide meals solely for survival. Yet, notwithstanding the d evastation and hardship the French citizens endured, they utilized these cost effective measures and the importation of ingredients into the development of the nouvelle cuisine. Tasting menus and ala carte menus, not to mention exquisite appetizers and desserts, created the ultimate eat experience enjoyed by patrons. Thus emerged the world renowned and delectable French cuisine that is so popular today.

Studio Production Essay Example for Free

studio Production EssayWith academic reference, research and analyse what your studio role involves both technically and creatively from pre production to production of a studio course of instruction. And with reference to your teams studio programme, discuss your role and how you contributed. Introduction The purpose of the Studio Production module was to produce a live studio programme in a team, starting from the pre-production stages the right way through to the live studio broadcast. all(prenominal) member of the team was assigned a studio role that they would carry out throughout the course. The different roles available ordain be discussed in much detail deepr. Tele good deal studios supply the appropriate environment and coordination for making live studio programmes. Everything that goes on within a studio can be aright controlled and gives you the opportunity to get the best use out of the equipment such as cameras, lighting and sound etc. Television studios at omic number 18 convenient and spacious large to create sets and hold an earreach. The audience be lots there to interact either by asking questions, or simply to laugh in the right places and give the presenter(s) someone to bounce off.Live studio programmes generally come as daytime or late night chat presents or banter programmes. Research Daytime television has programmes such as Ready, Steady, Cook, Paul OGrady, This Morning and Loose Women. The media is the biggest cause for stereotyping, and daytime television is usually directed more(prenominal) towards women, who stereotypically are the ones at blank space in the day, whilst the man is at work. They are also for students and OAPs who are also thought to be at home takeing television.As these programmes are in ten-spotded for the daytime, the content of these programmes must be suitable to be shown before the watershed. Late night television programmes are on after the watershed, so are allowed to be more risque. Th ese programmes usually consist of a presenter, guests and some debates for factual or entertainment value. Friday darkness With Jonathan Ross, Match of the Day, Parkinson and the Friday Night Project are all examples of late night shows. Discussion shows like Jeremy Kyle, Trisha Goddard and Question Time are a great deal on during the day too, again its derriere audience being women, students and pensioners. in that location is usually a presenter who raises three or four different news or topical issues that are discussed, or problems are solved. There are numerous different roles that select to be undertaken in order to make a live studio programme manufacturer they create the show and are responsible for the studio equipment and crew, as well as the content and timing of the programme. Director it is their visual input that makes the programme what you see. They are responsible for the overall flow of the programme, the beams, what cameras and fine art are to be employ and to direct the crew. Vision Mixer they are responsible for the output of the live programme. The manager instructs what shots and graphics are needed and when and how they are transitioned, whilst the vision mixer gets it done. Presenter the one who delivers it all to the audience, reading from the autocue and adlibbing. Scriptwriters they write the programme script, so often the producer, presenter and prompt operator depart be pertain in the scriptwriting process. VT Graphics Graphics, titles and Astons are all designed and created for the programme.The VTs are the videos used as cutaways in the programme to essentially give the presenter a break and to possibly change the scenery/area. Both work closely with the vision mixer. illumine lights up the set, presenters and guests accordingly. Sound testing sound and responsible for the audio set-up. There are usually two sound engineers working on one programme. photographic camera Operator operates the camera. The di rector tells them what shot they want and the camera operator generates it, quickly framing and focusing on the person/object.A basic studio programme would have at least three or four cameras. Floor Manager manages the studio floor and making sure everyone is where they are supposed to be, controls the audience and passes on instructions to the presenter and guests on the programme. Prompt Operator inputs the script into the autocue, runs the autocue for the presenter to read. A daytrip to Londons Leicester Square Studio to watch TRL was organised, in order to get a feel of a live studio programme in transmission. Vision MixingVision mixing is like to editing, only in real-time, as you are editing for a live studio programme, so you only have one chance to get it right. in one case a moment has passed you cannot get it brook, so timing and initiative are extremely important qualities to ensure for being a vision mixer. Like post-production editing, the cuts betwixt takes want to look seamless and subtle, not clunky and obvious. The aim of the vision mixer is to follow the action. Viewers do not want to look at a shot of an inanimate person whilst someone else talks, they want to see who it is doing the talking.The vision mixer listens to what shots the director wants and how they want the cuts to look, and it is their job to bring the directors instructions to life. There are two main screens the vision mixer needs to be aware of the preview screen and the programme screen. The preview screen shows what will need to go live next. Such as if camera 2 or a VT needs fading in, then it should be displayed ready to occur in on the preview screen. The programme screen shows what is currently being broadcast. A For-A VPS-700 Ginga Video Production System was used as the video switcher for the studio programme.It is a 12 input switcher, allowing for 3 camera channels, 2 VT playback channels, a graphics fill key, an inborn still store and also internal matte g enerators. Along the bottom of the switcher are two rows of thirteen numbered passings (numbered 1-12, for the twelve inputs). These numbers represent a channel input that is being used for recording. For example, Camera 1 will generally be fed through button 1. Camera 2 is on 2, Camera 3 is on button 3 etc. The very first button on the row is Black which brings up an empty black screen. This is used to begin and determination a programme fade to black.The top row of buttons represents the live buttons and when in use, will be lit in red. Red means Live. some(prenominal) button is on here will be being shown on the programme screen. The bottom set of buttons will be what is displayed on the preview screen, and the buttons will light up in yellow, meaning they are ready to go live. There were six screens in the gallery that were assigned to channels on the switcher, so the first six channel inputs (the most used ones) were easy to view, without needing to set them up on the previe w screen 1. Camera 1 2.Camera 2 3. Camera 3 4. VT 1 5. VT 2 6. Graphics The transitions that could be used to edit between shots are cuts, mixes or fades. There are also many effects that the For-A VPS-700 Ginga could do. The come under wipes, digital video effects and downstream keys. Wipes do not manipulate the video source and are used by an inbuilt key. They can be used for graphic transitions, but are not i corporation for live television productions as look quite juvenile. digital video effects (DVEs) can make picture-in-picture effects and change the position of the purge.Downstream keys (DSKs) are used for Astons, logos and for rolling credits. Back to the Movies The chosen theatrical role of live studio programme that Group 3 chose to make was a quiz show. This was chosen because the majority of programmes being made by the another(prenominal) groups were late night chat shows, so a quiz show would stand out more from the others, as well as also providing more of a chall enge to make. Quiz shows need to be spontaneous and can be unpredictable when it comes to people answering questions and what will be said.A good deal of the content is indite, but the guests cannot be given scripted answers, as this would make the idea of the quiz fake. This meant that guests on the programme would not be able to drill all of the rounds or hear the questions that they would be answering in advance, so that they would not know them during the live broadcast. This means that cameras would not know which people to frame and focus in advance, nor would the director or vision mixer know who would need to be shown on the programme, until the guest buzzed in.This makes for harder work than a fully scripted programme, as well as impulsive shots to be taken by the camera operators and vision mixer. Being on a film course, the quiz show was decided to be based upon film questions, and separated into four rounds Quick-fire round random film questions, teams buzz in to answ er. Guess the Odd One bulge round each team is shown four images of film celebrities. They need to guess who is the odd one out and why. Guess What Happens Next round each team is each shown two film clips. Using their imagination instead of knowledge, they need to guess what happens next. Movie Tagline round Each team is given different taglines from films, they need to guess what the film is. The director instructed that as a contestant spoke, the vision mixer would select the appropriate camera set up to capture the action. This involved a lot of quick switching, because during the quick-fire rounds, any of the four contestants could be answering.This meant that for this round, one of the three cameras needed to be on squad 1, another on Team 2, and the other camera on the Presenter at all times, because any of the teams could be answering the questions, and depending on the length of their answer, the action may switch back to the presenter. The presenter sits in the middle of the set, with a team of two guests to either side of him. The presenter has two buzzers to himself one with the noise signalling a wrong answer, and the other making a noise to signify that the answer to the question is right.To make things easier for knowing who to switch to, the teams each had a separate buzzer noise, so that the director, cameras and vision mixer would realise who was about to speak, before they began. Back to the Movies starts with a fade from black to the opening 30 second VT on channel 4. The last ten seconds of the VT are counted down, and the establishing shot of the set is set up ready on the preview screen, through channel 2. The title graphics naming the show are faded onto the screen at this point, using the downstream key.They are faded back out, and a direct cut is made to show a shot of the audience clapping. Another direct cut is made to show the presenter, whilst his name is faded on and off screen, followed by direct cuts to introduce the teams , and again the graphics are faded in to show their team names. Direct cuts are used mostly throughout the show, as the cuts need to be quick and often you do not know in advance who will be the next to speak. The only fades used are for the graphics, VTs and at the start and end of the show, when the programme is faded to black.Conclusion The idea of a quiz show was different to the more expected late night chat show that seemed to be a favourite among most students. It also provided more of a challenge because of its unpredictable nature that kept the crew on their toes at all times, and helped things to be less tedious. New guests each time helped to keep the atmosphere fresh during rehearsals. The only hindrance with Back to the Movies was the lack of cameras within the studio, as there were some shots that were just not doable with only three cameras and five people on set.

Area Evaluation for District Registered Nurse

Area Evaluation for District Registered NurseGreenon local anaesthetic School District Stephanie C EbbsWright State University College of Nursing and HealthSchool NursingThe Ohio department of Health (2014) defines public health nursing as promoting physical and mental health, disease prevention, injury, and disability. The ODH goes on to state public health nursing includes the individual client, family and swear system of the client, as well as the community in which the client lives to provide services. Public health services include monitoring health, identifying health problems, educating on health issues, developing partnerships in raise to identify and solve problems, developing plans and policies for individuals and communities, providing information on needed personal health services, and evaluating effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and macrocosm-based services. (ODH, 2014)Carolynn Agresta is the Greenon Local Schools zone registered nurse in Enon, Ohio. Carolynn graduated nursing coach from the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio with a bachelors degree in September of 1981. Carolynns 33 years of experience includes being a nursing school adjunct and working oncology, neuro-surgical, orthopedic, ICU, and home health nursing throttletings. In 2000 she began working as a school nurse without school nurse licensure. Primarily Carolynn spends her twenty-four hour periods with the educatees in grades 7-12. Two assistants generally tend to kindergarten through grade 6. Both assistants arouse medical experience and have worked for the Greenon Local School district for the past couple of years. Carolynn is responsible for the entire Greenon school district which currently enrolls 1,838 students.PopulationThe Enon, Ohio country is predominately Caucasian with an average age of 48 years of age. A majority of the population (58%) is married. 19% of the population have never married. 12.5% of the population is divorced. 9% be widowed and 2% are separated. Other ethnicities are prevalent in the community, but represent less than 25%. 91% of the Enon community has a noble school degree, 28% of the community have a bachelors degree, and 13% have a graduate or professional degree. 8.5% of the Enon community is unemployed. many a nonher(prenominal) in the community drive everywhere since a majority of the region is in a rural setting. Crime rates are below the matter and state average and are mostly property related. (U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences and Advameg Inc., 2014)Struggles Carolynn faces includes the repercussions of multiple failed levees leaving tough necessary budget cuts on the school district. T each(prenominal)ers have not received a raise for the past three to four years and one of the four buildings open in 2013 has been closed. Carolynn reports the Enon, Ohio population to be many retired individuals who cannot pay any more than they already do for the distr ict. She explained she is sad and happy at the same time for the merging of buildings as she travel from the now closed building into the Grennon Jr/Sr High School building this year. Carolynn states most of the buildings in the Greenon district need replaced and offers a metaphor of budgeting of the school buildings as placing a band-aid over a hemorrhaging wound. The buildings are just not in good enough condition to be continually repaired anymore. She reports pipes burst every spend and ruin the teachers classrooms. It forces the teachers to rebuild the classroom and shuffling the students to other rooms while repairs are being made.Many students require medical attention throughout the day at Greenon Jr/Sr High School. Most students come with minor requests of a band-aid for a minor cut, an ice pack, or feeling ill. Carolynn reports five students have Epi-Pens in the locked cabinet in the school nurse office in case of an emergent allergic reaction. wholeness student reports having hypoglycemia and visits the school nurses office for a granola bar a few times during the week. One student has severe migraines. Two students are currently being monitored for type 2 diabetes.Three type one diabetics are present in the high school building and are Carolynns admitted biggest worry most days. She advocates independence of diabetic students, takes action during hypo/hyperglycemic episodes, and reports concerns to the students parent(s). One student is independent in diabetes management. Two students visit the school nurses office occasional for diabetes management. One student in particular is poorly controlled and recently reported a hemoglobin (Hgb) A1C score of 13. It is a very poor score indicating the students diabetes is out of control. Carolynn shows genuine concern regarding the students long-term health. She reaches out to the students parents with concerns over constant hyperglycemia episodes. She is constantly service the student try and understan d how to manage carbohydrates in the diet effectively. Fears of amputation, vision and nerve damage, and a shortened life span for the student worries Carolynn. (ADA, 2014)StandardsCarolynn must march on up with Ohio department of health (ODH) guidelines, Ohio state laws, HIPAA, and Greenon Local School district rules. Keeping up with compliance is no easy feat. Caring to a unbroken steady stream of students needing attention, documenting direction, calling parents, updating state required vaccination records of students, and instructing voluntary staff members how to tend to emergencies in her absence requires a lot of time, patience, multi-tasking, and skill.Ohio augury Bill 264, safe at school, keeps children with diabetes medically safe at school. The greenback allows volunteer school staff to be trained in assisting diabetic children with insulin system and glucagon in an destiny situation. The safe at school bill also allows children to self-manage their diabetes while at school if able and capable. (ADA, 2014)One student is independent in diabetes management at Greenon. One student requires privacy to inject insulin at lunch time which is why Carolynn bought a divider for the school nurse office. One diabetic student requires a great deal of supervision and monitoring.Another law, House Bill 296 recently passed highly recommending and allowing schools to stock Epi-Pen in case of an emergency on a student not previously identified with anaphylaxis. This law will help save lives of students unaware of severe allergic reactions. House bill 296 also authorizes middle and high school students to carry an epinephrine pen with them at all times (with proper documentation from physician and parents turned into the district school nurse). Greenon Local School district does not currently stock Epi Pens, but eventually will. Carolynn states she wants to apply for a grant or at to the lowest degree investigate how to get the school buildings donated Epi Pe ns. She states she just has not been able to as of yet since the bill passed in April of 2014. (Legislative teaching Systems, 2014)Five students have epinephrine political machine injectable pens in the school nurse office. Most of the five students keep another Epi Pen on their person at all times in case of emergency. Students requiring epinephrine pen injection are required to be transported to the hospital and parental contact. No student is required to self-administer the epinephrine and volunteering staff are trained to assist students in case of an anaphylaxis.The Ohio Department of health has requirements of students regarding vaccinations. Polio, MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), and Varicella (chickenpox) are required vaccinations before children begin kindergarten school. DTaP//DT/Tdap/TD are a required set of vaccinations for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis required before kindergarten and once before entering seventh grade. Every fall Carolynn must document and se nd letters to parents in order to have the proper documentation for students to remain in school. (ODH, 2014)Carolynn abides by the ODH standards of infection control prevention guidelines. She constantly is hand washing, changing paper bed linen after each student, changing thermometer probe covers with each student, cleans her stethoscope with alcohol before and after use, and never allows students to share ice packs, blood glucose monitors, band-aids, or ace wraps. Carolynn strives to harbor herself, students, and staff from infection and illness and maintains high standards for herself in care of students.CareCarolynn provides a non-biased and substantiative environment for all students. She listens intently to each student as they come to her office. Students always refer to Carolynn by Mrs. Agresta. She has a 700 dollar a year budget for the school nurses office and uses it on forage and supplies. She provides free granola bars, juice, water, graham crackers, and fruit sna cks to students upon request or diabetic need. Since the Greenon Local School district is public spirituality is limited. She can pray with students and families if requested, but not impede upon spiritual beliefs by federal law.Parents must be contacted to provide non-prescription medication at the school. Carolynn contacts parents daily for cough, cold, and allergy medications for students. Remaining in a supportive attitude and complying with parental wishes regarding care is a necessary component of school nursing. Giving parents an educated report of a students condition is required in communicating. Sometimes parents will take the student home to rest with or without recommendation of the Carolynn acting as school nurse.Carolynn is responsible for maintaining privacy in her clinic while caring for students. She requests students wait in the hall outside her office momentarily while she tends to another student. She has a nurturing motherly style approach to each student and tr eats each student with respect, attentiveness, and compassion as if each student were her own child. Carolynn is a dedicated nurse who tries to provide the best quality care possible in an economically struggling school district. She wishes she had more resources to help. Carolynn does reach out to local area school nurses, the Clark County Combined Health District, and the ODH for help and reference.Carolynn provides preparation to voluntary staff members on insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine auto-injector pens. She also answers any questions with educated research and provides additional information. She hangs health information in her office and around the school on bulletin boards to keep the student and staff population educated on their health.ReferencesAdvameg, Inc. (2014). Enon, Ohio Statistics.http//www.citydata.com/city/EnonOhio.htmlixzz3DorjZSUUAmerican Diabetes Association (ADA). (2014). Diabetes, complications, and safe at school.http//www.diabetes.orgLegislative Infor mation Systems (2014). House Bill 296http//www.legislature.state.oh.us/bills.cfm?ID=130_HB_296Ohio Department of Health (ODH). (2014). Immunization summary for child care, head start,pre-school, and school attendance ohio. http//www.odh.ohio.govU.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences national Center for EducationStatistics. (2014). Greenon Local Schools Greenon High School. http//nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1DistrictID=3904623ID=390462302475

Communication In Health And Social Care Management

Communication In Health And Social Care Management fit to Schneider et. alone 2001 and Rogers Maslow , humanistic system every human existence has exceptional and inborn identities and natural potentials. These are the goals that direct them to achieve their full potentials. Maslow defines that individuals cast off specific requirements and extremitys which mustiness be met in a hierarchical style and it happens from bottom to top. Another author Rogers has noted that every individual has a particular frame of reference match to their ego concept or self regard. These are ones own perception or faith about themselves. It is a surmise that highlights on individuals capacity for self track, arrest, basic needs, achievement needs, self-actualization, safety needs and so on accord to Maslow, individual should achieve Hierarchy needs in order which are shown belowLattal and chase after (2003) has noted that behaviorist theory means the way of conditioning through interaction with the environment with no consideration to the mental state. According to them it is a theory related to psychology and it is based on the proposition that behavior spate be researched with evidence with no recourse. Behaviorism is mainly relevant to skill knowledge and the substrate of learning. Usually phobias and neurosis treatment washbowl improve individuals behavior importantly.According to Fritscher 2003, it is a theory that attempts to explain human behaviour by understanding the purview processes. In 21st century Greene brothers (2008) have noted that this theory explains cordial environment in learning. They showed that environment and self have a trilateral relation. In addition, this theory fix which environmental factors should be observed, when should be observed, what should be conferred on them or whether they have any long lasting effects or is there any emotional or motivating power and so forth Another important thing is, usually human cosmoss make the decisions by thought processes. A diagram of cognitive is given belowIn 1998, a famous author Nasio states that psycholanalytical theory defines that human mind is compared to an iceberg we only chance upon a little bit of it (the conscious) peeking out above the vast depths of the unconscious. According to this theory, there are many inner forces outside of states awareness those direct their behavior. For example, (assume) Dominika has strengthened up a relationship with a boy recently. Suddenly she started calling him by her ex-boy friends name. the reason of this whitethorn be Dominika misspoke her ex-boy friend beca accustom of misgiving about modern relationship. another author Friedlander (2003) has noted that it is a theory which defines the dynamics of individualality, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic and psychotherapy development. This theory religious services to treat people with psychological problem in different ages e pickyly who live in multi-cultural societies. Review the application of a range of converse techniques for different purposes employ in health and fond make out work.At this age, straitlaced communicating techniques in health and social aid are becoming to a greater extent and more important as profit intentrs from different cultures are being added continuously (Moss, 2007). Also effective communication is essential to have good productivity. Windsor and Moonie (2000) define that, communication techniques cease be vocal, nonverbal, written, facial/ body delivery or listening.Verbal it is way of communication where people communicate face to face. Sounds, words, speaking, and language are the key elements of verbal communication. For social wish well work verbal communication style is very important as it influences the service accustomrs. Social workers should speak slowly, clearly and politely. They should have softness in speaking.Non-verbal non-verbal communication can be occasiond in Health and social care workplace as well. It is a communication process through sending and receiving wordless messages. Gestures, facial expression, body language, employ meaningful symbols, sign languages, touching, vocal nuance etc. are likewise included in non-verbal communication. It is important beca handling it repeats verbal messages, regulate interactions, become complement to verbal messages etc.Written written communication is also important like non-verbal and verbal communication. Preservation of our memories can be influenced significantly by written communication. many researchers think written communication is the most effective and most useful way to communicate in Health and social care workplaces with verbal language as it pr til nowts misunderstanding, helps to remember all important details or, helps to keep important data, helps to educate others, helps to deal with negative bumpings, and helps to share knowledge with others and many more.Listening It is also important. If the soc ial workers do not listen to the service users properly, misunderstandings can happen. Social workers should listen with full concentration of the service users as it is included in codes of set.talk over the slipway in which communication influences how individuals feel about themselves.Moss (2007) has stated that different types of communication can influence individuals feelings differently. Impersonal and social communications are twain of them. Impersonal communication means the way to treat people as objects or respond to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people which is commonly impersonal and superficial. Usually people communicate by impersonal way. It can make a rational choice to protect people leaveingly scarce it doesnt get them too close. People do not feel very good by this communication method.Conversely, according to Greene and Burleson (2003), interpersonal communication is a special form of unmediated human communication that occurs when we interact simultaneously with another person and attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships. It usually occurs simultaneously while people are talking and listening. For example, it can be observed by their- eye contact, clothing, body posture, and facial expressions. People usually feel happy with this communication method and it is very useful to apply in health and social care workplaces.Describe ways of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication amid individuals.According to Stacks and Salwen (2008), inappropriate interpersonal communications between individuals begin usually from incorrect use of vocabulary or use of passive vocabulary. It also arises from cultural insensitivity or misinterpretation of body language which can lead to communication gap. There are a fewer ways to deal with inappropriate interpersonal communication and those can beRephrasing or utilize the simplier words while speaking or communicating . reiterate the words with meaningful gestures.Analyzing the communication gap that has been occurred, spotting and fixing the cultural faux pas and remedying that without delay.Staying Focused and listen carefully.Trying to see their point of viewResponding to condemnation with EmpathyUsing I Messages Rather than We.Look for Compromise Instead of trying to win the argument, typeface for solutions that meet everybodys needs.Analyse the use of techniques and strategies for supporting communication between people with specific communication needs.In the UK there are many people like deaf, blind who need specific communication needs and these can be lip-reading, speech to text, electronic notes, sign languages, Braille etc. Anon (n.d.) states that around 242,000 people are deaf-blind and two million people are woe from hearing loss in the United kingdom. Research has shown that almost 1.4 million people are using hearing aids regularly. Around 50,000 people use sign language as the ir preferred language. Many British are using interpreters as well but the ratio of interpreters and service users are significantly low in the UK. Pomegranate mobile phone and these technologies can be used to support these persons.Evaluate workplace strategies, policies and procedures for good exert in communication.According to Best et all (2003), in health and social care workplaces, there must have good practice for workplace strategies, policies and procedures for communication. Good procedures in communication means to follow the privacy policies, not to spread personal study to unauthorized persons, Keeping confidentiality, consent, disciplinary procedures, protecting hharassment, maintaining equal opportunities, having paternity and maternity leave, performing by rules, following data protection acts, not to reveal any data without taking permission etc. Good communication policies and strategies include bankers acceptance policy, complaints policy, whistle blowing polic y, grievance policy etc. These policies, procedures and strategies help to build up a smooth and friendly workplace.Question 2Describe physical, cultural and judicial influences on communication in health and social care by2.1 Analyse how methods of communication are influenced by individual note values, culture and ability.Littlejohn Foss (2005) and Samovar et al (2009) have stated that individual values, culture and ability can influence the communication methods significantly in health and social care. Value means the principles, standards, or type which guides human actions. It also defines the acceptable standards which govern the behaviour of individuals within the judicature. Without having such values, individuals will pursue behaviours that are in line with their own individual value systems, which may lead to behaviours that the organization doesnt wish to encourage. Another thing is organizational values which are the beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals member s of an organization should pursue and ideas about the appropriate kinds or standards of behaviour organizational members should use to achieve these goals. It influence communication as it develops organizational norms, makes sense about things are good or bad, which things are more or less important. It also promotes anti discriminatory practice and diversity, protects people from abuse, keeps confidentiality, gives peoples rights to haughtiness, autonomy, emancipation and safety, understanding other peoples beliefs and identities.According to them, culture can influence communication method as well. Culture means the values, traditions, worldview, and social and political relationships that are gived, shared, and transformed by a group of people bound together by a common history, geographic location, language, social class, and/or religion. It is a dynamic, constantly changing process that is shaped by political, social and economic conditions. It manipulates communication by guiding people in their thinking, feelings, and acting etc.Describe legislation and charters governing the rights of individuals to communicate.There are specific law, legislations and charters governing the rights to communicate and these can be NHS and community care act 1990, sex discrimination act, Disability discrimination act (DDA) etc. Research from Mandelstam (2008) has shown that NHS and community care act 1990 ensures the full independence of the individuals among these legislations and charters,. According to this act, every service user should be shown respect. No one can be discriminated at any way whatever their race, sex, origin, religion, age etc. In addition, everyone including endurings with mental health, learning disability, children should be treated as an individual while communicating. everyone should have their communications needs valued and respected, whether they are verbal or non-verbal. The charter sets out the rights for disable people in terms of the ir disability which includes schooling, Support and training, Time to communicate, Access to services, Inclusion in social networks, Services from Employers etc.In addition, according to him and Disability act 2006, every person with a communication disability has a right to receive information in a way that they can receive and respond. A wide range of recognized and meaningful symbols, materials, signs, alternative communication methods should be available everywhere for disabled people. employers must set aside training for customer-facing module to offer alternative communication at help desks and service points, e.g. a map, pencil and paper, pictures.Also we know that Every person with a communication disability has a responsibility to identify how they can communicate to ex veer information. To do this, they can carry carry a note explaining what the difficulty is, in plain English or explaining what they need to help them at the outset. They should be given enough time to understand as well. In the same time, they should be given positive support from their family, friends and care workers.Discuss the implications in health and social care contexts of legislation and codes of practice relating to records and communication of information about people.According to Dziegielewski (2003) and Trainor (n.d.), keeping record of information in health and social care is very important and sensitive. There are specific law, legislations and codes of practice relating to records keeping and communication of information about people. They can follow European, national or UN law, charters and codes of practice while keeping records. But service providers should keep information by following data protection act 1998. According to this act Personal information must be stored on the case files or in the recording books and it should only be available to those who are directly involved with the care of the Person and to those responsible for the maintenance of good p ractice and standards. Both manual(a) and computer records should be stored against un definitive access. Also, it is not allowed to transcript of any documents (including medical records, personal records, political views etc.) for any purpose other than for the purpose of the well-being of the service users. For example, a social worker may need to send a clients details to a doctor. So, he/she may need to do most copy of his/her clients documents. So, it is allowed by the contexts of legislation.Analyse the effectiveness of organisational systems policies in relation to good practice in communication.Usually organizational systems, policies and procedures are very effective for the good practice in communication. Keyton (2005) noted that every organization has different communication policies in relation to good practice. It builds confidentiality and good relationship among the stakeholders, employees and service users. In addition, communications policy ensures to use the or ganizational communications facilities, including internet, email, fax, phone, sms etc. It also guides to use fast and reliable way of communication which has significant advantages for health and social care workplaces. In the same time, it warns to its employees about the dangers and misuse of communication. It also inform to its employees that none can be discriminated during communicating. For example, several(prenominal) people may have difficulty to understand some communication methods. So, good organizational policies will provide a framework or a way to overcome these problems. Values, personal moral qualities, respecting service users dignity and autonomy are also included to good practice in communication and these are usually mentioned in organizational policies.Suggest and justify ways of improving communication systems in a health or care setting.Effective and constructive communication is vital as it helps to support, achievement and well being of our society. The wa ys to improve communicating systems in health and social care are given belowHaving enough employees to accomplish their jobs smoothly. If there is shortage of employee, people may not do their jobs in time. In addition, additional work load may put stress on the staff. As a result, they may not communicate with service users and staff properly.Effective and constructive communication method must be built up among the GP practices, dentists, pharmacists, NHS, emergency services, care trusts.Using both electronic (e-mail, text message, fax, phone etc.) and paper messages (letters, newsletters, leaflets etc) for sidereal day to day communication. In addition, having common software to share information or a database system among the partnership organizations can also help to improve communication system.Health and social care officials as well as normal staff should arrange regular meeting among themselves to share their views regarding their progress, future plan etc.Proper implemen tation of data protection act can also help to improve communication.Demonstrate ability to communicate appropriately using range of techniques.According to Marincek (2001) and Jones Cregan (1986), there are many people in the United Kingdom who need to communicate by special communicating techniques. Especially, children, elderly people, hearing disabled people use these techniques which are given belowText messaging, using sign language, lip reading, converting speech to text can be used to communicate with deaf people. Probably sign language is the most effective way to communicate with deaf people as it has its own right. It also covers the whole system of communication. On the other hand, text messaging is the easiest way to communicate as almost everyone can read it. But people may not be able to express their emotions by this way.Blind people prefer to use voice recorder, speaking or listening to communicate. Technology can give lots of benefit to blind people. For example, i f there is a blind employee in an organization and she/he has to gather data from internet then she/he can be benefited by using voice or audio system. Further, if anyone wants to leave some information to someone who is blind then he can convert his message to voice so that blind receiver can receive it.Basically, I have to be very careful while communicating with communication disabled people. For example, my body position, speaking style, listening style have to be well-developed and I have to be patient so that they can understand me without any difficulty.(Word Count 1200 Words)Explore the use of information technology in communications in health and social care byDemonstrate ability to access and use standard IT software, used routinely, to support work in health and social care.Harlow and Webb (2003) stated that every health and social care worker should have good knowledge regarding IT software to support their daily activity. To support my work, I use Microsoft office, Mic rosoft power point, Microsoft excel, Microsoft access, Microsoft word, spreadsheet, Microsoft outlook, internet, notepad etc.According to Shaffer et al (2007), Microsoft office is very useful to manage day to day activities. I can preserve almost all the documents, work history by using Microsoft office word. Notepad is also useful to take and save the short notes.I use Microsoft office access to create normal database solution, tables, forms, reports, queries, graphs etc. I have to use spreadsheet to support my work as well. It is software by which I can access multiple cells. I can find out any individuals details within a click. For example, I can access to service users details if they just provide me their surnames or dates of birth.Microsoft outlook and internet are one of the most useful software that I use. I use outlook to send and receive any electronic mail. I can save my mails as well if there is no internet connection. I can send those when I get internet connection. I use internet to collect data.Analyse how the use of IT in health and social care benefits service users.Leathard (2003) and Cnaan Parsloe (1989) have shown that information technology benefits both the service users and service providers in various ways in health and social care. Disable people, mental health patients, blind people, deaf people, speechless people and even sometimes healthy people are being benefitted by use of information technology. The ways are described belowDisabled people According to Hawkridge et al (1985) and Anogianakis Association for the Advancement of Assistive Technology in Europe (1997), information technology has added new scope to disabled peoples life. Now, those who are deaf can use hearing aid to overcome their listening barriers. Blind people are being benefitted by using audio system. Now, they can conduct their day to day activities by this method. Even, now language converter is being used for those people who are not economical in a common la nguage like English. So, service users can describe their problem elaborately without facing any hassle.Developed service Now-a-days, all the health care specialists who are authorised can access to patient details. So, they can exchange their views and knowledge regarding their service and patients treatment. As a result, better and improved services are provided to the clients. In addition, patient can get various services from one person.Treatment and medicine Slee et al (2001) have stated that, now patients can gather data regarding their unhealthiness and can get information about the potential medicine. So, patient can discuss with his doctor if there is any mistake in the prescribed medicine. As a result, patient can get escape from a great problem. In addition, e-medicine can boost the knowledge of doctors. All the health care specialists including social workers and service users can gather lots of information by using website as well as internet conferences.Critically eva luate how the IT supports and enhances the activities of care workers and care organisations/agencies.According to Cnaan Parsloe (1989), the activities of a care worker or a care agencys activities can be significantly enhanced by information technology. For example, a care worker can preserve any medical data digitally which is quick and cost effective. Next time, another care worker does not need to waste his or her time to look for clients medical report or medication history. She/he can get it easily and quickly if she/he is efficient in IT. It also reduces work load and care workers or care organizations can concentrate on other tasks quickly.Another important thing is, doctors can be benefited from IT significantly. For example, the GPs can use a software where all medical and drug information will be pre-saved. So, all information regarding to that drug will be shown automatically while prescribing that to a patient. It can save lots of time because doctors or care workers th en will not need to look for the information regarding any medicine. To implement this, a very good network and communication between pharmacists and doctors is essential.Analyse health and safety legal considerations in the use of IT.The health and safety legal considerations should come to light in the use of information technology because inappropriate use of IT can damage employees health. Even it has a long term effect on physical condition. According to Koreneff (2005), employees health and safety matters must be considered in the workplace. Those who usually work in precedent of computer screen or anything like that may suffer from eye strain, headache, back pain, fatigue etc. Employees should take regular break or change the activity for 10 minutes after doing one hour works to thwart this. They should keep their body in a right posture to prevent back pain. Right posture includes keeping back side supported, head up, hands relaxed, knees are leveled with hip, feet are fla t with floor, screen is directly in cause and not in be given etc. Hands and wrists are usually most comfortable when forearm is nearly at a right angle to upper arm and wrist is in a straight line with hand and forearm. Complain should be made against an organization if that fails to provide these types of workplace. Employers must provide a workplace for the employees which will meet all the requirements of health and safety to use IT.

Religion and Spirituality Integration in Therapy: Ethics

Religion and Spirituality consolidation in Therapy EthicsEthical Issues for the Integration of Religion and Spirituality in TherapyDanelle J. HollenbeckAbstractPsychologists argon professional who drive to a lower placetaken a code of ethics mandatory in practicing psychology. Ethical issues arising from religion and spectralism that is integrated into therapy requires psychologists to undertake a moral and honest view on treating these knobs. This paper addresses the codes in which psychologists attach to when undertaking secular-theistic therapy, eliminateing bias, multiple relationships, imposing religious views, and competence, and sure consent. This paper discusses relevant ethical dilemmas when providing psychotherapy to clients. This paper also reviews ethical circumstances in which American connective of Psychologist engraves (APA) applies to these ethical and moral situations. It will also brie go discuss ethical controlation of the codes at intake, assessment, treatment, and over-all accountability of clients in escorts to religion and church property.IntroductionPsychology (as well as science in general) has embraced spirituality and religion more and has used rigorous scientific methods such as double-blind randomized clinical trials to examine important questions related to psychology and religion integration (Plante, 2007). Many individuals are more religious and spiritual than previously and therefore are requesting that health professional integrate this into their professional work, in pgraphicsicularly psychology, as well as psychologists nourish become interested in the selfsame(prenominal) and look for ways to integrate this into their practice (Plante, 2007).DiscussionThe American Psychology Association (APA) supports religious diversity and states thatpsychologists are aware of and respect cultural, individual, and role differences, including thosebased on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national o rigin, religion, sexualorientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when on the job(p) with members of such groups (American Psychological Association, 2015). This focuses on Principle E, Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity (Fishers, 2013, pg. 13), which ensures fair treatment of all people regardless of ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, disability, etc. We may not agree with our clients religious beliefs, but we are asked to respect them and the traditions of others (Plante, 2007). We are to avoid bias and according to Standard 3.01 we are to avoid discrimination based on other qualities and religion (American Psychological Association, 2015).Psychologists must be competent in the services provided. We must flummox to Standards 2.01b Boundaries of competence, and 2.03, Maintaining Competence. According to Gonsiorek et al. (2009) Competence in the services providing regarding spirituality and religion is a fundamental ethical requi rement. Just because we might be of the same faith or have a similar interest in our clients religious practices does not make us to be experts in the field, therefore we must adhere to Standards 2.01b and 2.03 and have the appropriate training and experience necessary to provide services. We must also remember that psychologists trained as theologians may not satisfy the ethical code, even if dually trained and could face potential challenges (Gonsiorek, Richards, Pargament, McMinn, 2009) therefore standard training is the key.The Ethical Code also avoids secular-theistic bias. Its important to refrain from perceiving a clients faith as low intelligence just as its important to refrain from viewing a client from a different faith as mis fleetd or as second class (Gonsiorek et al, 2009). Principle D Justice and Principle E Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity, and Standards 2.06, Personal Problems and Conflicts and 3.01 Unfair Discrimination are applied towards bias. Positive bia ses can also be just as destructive as the negative biases. Gonsiorek, et al. (2009) states substantiative biases can dissolvent in serious problems creation misconstrued as diversity and in behaviors with significant mental health implications being ignored (2009). Standard 3.04, Avoiding impose on _or_ oppress applies as such we must take reasonable steps to avoid harming clients when possible (APA, 2015). Biases of any type interfere with the therapeutic relationship and diminish psychological services, thus psychologists are expected to have self-reflection and examination to screen biases (Gonsiorek et al, 2009),Assuming a client has sought a psychologist who is trained in theistic therapies or is notaware that a psychologist offers religious modalities such as Mindfulness, Hooponopono, orprayer would be incorporated into treatment therefore Standard 10.01 A B, InformedConsent is mandatory in any treatment offered, yet also in disclosing and discussing thepsychotherapists q ualifications, background, theoretical orientation, and peculiar(prenominal) areas ofexpertise specific goals of treatment and reasonably available treatment options and alternativesare included in informed consent (Barrett Johnson, 2011). A psychologist also needs toaddress concerns or issues that have arisen during intake regarding deep- seated sectarian beliefs,and their levels of comfort and practice, as well as how this may impact their goals and processof treatment (Barrett Johnson, 2011). Before embarking on any sudor to challengetroubling or discordant aspects of religious belief, it is innate that the psychotherapistevaluate his or her competence in this area, provide appropriate informed consent, and considerseeking consultation from clergy or other professionals with expertise in this area (Barnett Johnson, 2011).The risk of multiple relationships provides galore(postnominal) challenges for psychologists who are also clergy members. Multiple relationships may fuel boundary concerns, specifically if a client requests his or her religious aspect of the same church in which the psychologist attends be implemented into their treatment. In this case, psychologists must adhere to Standard 3.05B, Multiple Relationships, which states a psychologist finds that, due to unforeseen factors, a potentially harmful multiple relationship has arisen, the psychologist takes reasonable steps to resolve it with due regard for the best interests of the affected person and maximal compliance with the Ethics Code (apa.org).These ethics codes (and their understanding) join psychologists to respect each clientsreligious/spiritual beliefs and practices reducing any harmful effects on the clients own biases when formulating treatment for each individual client.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2015). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved from http//www.apa.org/ethics/code/Barnett,J.E., Johnson,W.B. (2011). Integrating Spiritu ality and Religion Into Psychotherapy Persistent Dilemmas, Ethical Issues, and a Proposed Decision-Making Process.Ethics Behavior. inside10.1080/10508422.2011.551471Fisher,C.B. (2013).Decoding the ethics code A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Gonsiorek,J.C., Richards,P.S., Pargament,K.I., McMinn,M.R. (2009). Ethical Challenges and Opportunities at the Edge Incorporating Spirituality and Religion Into Psychotherapy.Professional Psychology-research and Practice. doi10.1037/a0016488Plante,T.G. (2007). Integrating spirituality and psychotherapy Ethical issues and principles to consider.Journal of Clinical Psychology. doi10.1002/jclp.20383Burj Khalifa The Worlds Tallest BuildingBurj Khalifa The Worlds Tallest BuildingOn 4th of January, 2010, Dubai, where there was only bakshish-blown litter a generation ago, witnessed the opening ceremony of the worlds tallest building,Burj Khalifa.A brilliant work of art with difficult structural problems took 1 ,325 days to completion since the start of the excavation work in January,2004.Burj Khalifa has returned the name of the Worlds Tallest Structure back to the Middle-Eastern structures where the Great Pyramid of Giza claimed that honor for millions of long time before the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in England in 1311.It is amazing to know that the triple-lobed foot print is inspired from the desert flower Hymenocallis which is common in Dubai.Being located in Dubai, UAE, the tower was influenced by Islamic and middle-eastern architecture.This influence resulted in the tri-axial geometry of Burj Khalifa.The tower consists of three wings arranged around the a primaeval core in the shape of Y.As the tower rises from the flat desert ground, setbacks occur through the 26 helical levels decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it spirals skywards.The Y-shape think is ideal for residential and hotel usage maximizing outwards view and inward natural light.Plus,it allows maximum view of the Arabic Gulf.As a super-tall structure, there were many difficult structural problems.To ensure safety and effectiveness of the selected design,a mildew of the building was subjected to extensive peer program.Designers used the buttressed core in Burj Khalifa consisting of a hexagonal hub buttressed by three wings bracing each other forming the Y-shape. Not only bracing each other but acting as a tripod base which is more stable than a four-cornered base. The corridor walls of the wings extending from the central core to the end of each slew terminate in a indurate hammer head walls.The main purpose of the Y-shape is to reduce the wind effects as well as keeping the structure simple, safe and foster constructability. The result is a stiff tower that can support itself laterally and overcomes twisting.Setbacks in each tier occur in a spiral stepping pattern up the building. These setbacks confuse the wind as the wind vortices never get organized because at each tier the building has different shape.The hexagonal core provides the essential torsional resistance like a closed tube. The wing walls and hammer head walls behave as webs and flanges of a beam resisting wind shears and moments. Specific expertness of concrete walls ranges from C60 to C80 cube strength development Portland cement and fly ash.The C80 concrete used in the lower portion of the building has a specified Youngs elasticised Modulus (E) of 43,800 N/mm2 after 90 days. smother and column sizes were disciplined using Virtual work/LaGrange multiplier methodology which results in very efficient structure.Wall thickness and column sizes are adjusted to reduce the effect of concrete creep and shoplifting. To reduce the effect of differential column shortening between margin columns and interior walls,the size of perimeter columns were adjusted such that the self-weight gravity stress acting on it is equal to that stress on the interior walls.As shrinkage in concrete occurs faster in thinner elements ,the perimeter columns had the same thickness of interior corridor walls(600 mm)to ensure that both columns and walls will shorten by the same rate due to concrete shrinkage.That super-structure had foundations consisting of a reinforced concrete raft of thickness 3.7 meters supported by 194 piles. Pouring the raft was divided into four tell pours. Self consolidated concrete (SCC)of C50 cube strength was used.Each pile is 1.5 meters diameter 43 meter long buried more than 50 meters deep. arrange were designed to support 3,000 tons each and while load tests, they supported over 6,000 tons.Unfortunately, the towers substructure is constructed in a groundwater having chloride and sulfate concentrations higher than those in sea waterHaving these aggressive conditions, a strict program of measures was required to ensure the durability of the foundations. Measures applied specialized waterproof make ups, increasing concrete thickness, addition of eroding inhibitors to the concrete mix and a cathodic protection system using titanium mesh.To get higher strength and lower permeable concrete cover to the steel bars, a controlled permeability formwork was used. Besides, a special concrete mix was designed to resist the attack from the groundwater.The concrete mix for piles having 25% fly ash, 7% silica fume and a water to cement ratio of 0.32, was designed to be wide-eyedy self consolidating concrete having slump of 67575 mm to avoid defects during construction.For that unprecedented height of the building, it was essential to compute wind forces and resulting motions in the upper levels as they became dominant factors in the structural design.Wind tunnel tests were undertaken under the direction of Rowan Williams Davies and Irwin Inc.The wind tunnel program included rigid-model force balance test, a full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model studies, measurements of localized pressures, pedestrian wind environment studies and climatic studies. Models used was of scale 1500.The wind tunnel data was then combined with the dynamic property of the tower to get the full towers dynamic response to wind and the overall effective wind force distributions.The tower has six important wind directions. The principal three wind directions are when the wind is blowing into the nose of each of the three wings. The other three directions when the wind is blowing between the wings. The orientation and setbacks of the tower were selected relative to the most frequent strong wind direction for Dubai.A several round of wind tunnel tests were undertaken during the construction of the tower. After each round of tests, the geometry of the tower as well as the good turn and spacing of setbacks changed to minimize the effect of the wind forces on the tower by confusing the wind.As the design reached its end, a more accurate aeroelastic model was made. The aeroelastic model is as elastic as the building. The results of testing the aeroelastic mod el showed that the predicted towers motion was within the ISO standard recommended values without the need of any auxiliary damping.At the tallest point of the tower, it sways a total of 1.5 meters.Special concrete mix design having compressive strength of 10 MPa at 10 hours for the vertical elements to permit the continuity of construction cycle and a design strength/modulus of 80 MPa/44GPa.The concrete tests indicated that the compressive strength of used concrete used was much higher than the required one.One of the most difficult issues in concrete design is to ensure pumpability of concrete to reach world record heights especially in high summer temperatures. Four basic dissever mixes were developed to enable reduced pressure pumpability when the building gets higher.A horizontal pumping trial was conducted in February 2005 having the same pressure losses equivalent to height of 600 meters to determine the pumpability of these mixes .The concrete mix used contained 13% fly ash and 10% silica fume with maximum entirety size of 20 mm. The mix is closely self consolidating concrete having slump of 600 mm and used for pumping pressure exceeding 200 bars.After the level 127,a less strength concrete is required(60 MPa compressive strength) having maximum aggregate size of 10 mm. High quality control was required to ensure pumpability to the highest concrete floor considering the severe conditions of weather which vary from a very collected winter to a very hot summer with temperature exceeding 50c.Pumping concrete was executed using Putzmeister pumps which are capable to pump concrete up to 350 bars through high pressure 150 mm pipeline.To convert the dream of Burj Khalifa to reality, the up-to-the-minute advancements in construction techniques and material technology were used.The walls forms were made using Dokas SKE 100 automatic self-climbing formwork system. Steel forms were used in the circular nose. Columns and the floor slabs are poured on MevaDec formwork.The construction sequence for the structure began with the central core and slabs being cast in the three sections, followed by the wings walls and slabs and then the nose columns and slabs.To ensure the verticality of the structure, a special GPS monitoring deviceing system was developed to monitor the verticality of the building as it gets higher. This was due to the limited convential surveying techniques in the site.When completed, Burj Khalifa has become the worlds tallest structure. Being a magnificent achievement in using the latest technologies and materials, able to integrate the architectural design concept with the structural design, Burj Khalifa will always be a special case to study.N.B Highlighted sentences are from (Engineering the Worlds Tallest Burj Dubai)

Leonhard Euler :: essays research papers

Leonhard EulerLeonhard Euler, (born April 15, 1707, died Sept. 18, 1783), was the mostprolific mathematician in history. His 866 books and articles represent aboutone third of the entire body of research on mathematics, theoretical physics,and engineering mechanics published between 1726 and 1800. In pure mathematics,he integrated Leibnizs differential calculus and Newtons method of fluxionsinto mathematical analysis handsome the notion of a function make common manymathematical notations, including e, i, the pi symbol, and the sigma symbol andlaid the metrical unit for the theory of special functions, introducing the betaand da Gamma transcendal functions. He also worked on the origins of the calculusof variations, but withheld his work in deference to J. L. Lagrange. He was apioneer in the field of topology and made number theory into a science, statingthe prime number theorem and the law of biquadratic reciprocity. In physics hearticulated Newtonian dynamics and laid the founda tion of analytical mechanics,especially in his Theory of the Motions of Rigid Bodies (1765). Like his teacherJohann Bernoulli, he elaborated continuum mechanics, but he also set forth the energising theory of gases with the molecular model. With Alexis Clairaut hestudied lunar theory. He also did fundamental research on elasticity, acoustics,the wave theory of light, and the hydromechanics of ships.Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. His father, a pastor, wanted hisson to follow in his footsteps and sent him to the University of Basel toprepare for the ministry, but geometry soon became his favorite subject. Throughthe intercession of Bernoulli, Euler obtained his fathers consent to change hismajor to mathematics. subsequently failing to obtain a physics position at Basel in1726, he joined the St. Petersburg Academy of Science in 1727. When funds werewithheld from the academy, he served as a medical lieutenant in the Russian navyfrom 1727 to 1730. In St. Petersburg he boarded at the home of Bernoullis sonDaniel. He became professor of physics at the academy in 1730 and professor ofmathematics in 1733, when he married and left Bernoullis house. His reputationgrew after the publication of many articles and his book Mechanica (1736-37),which extensively presented Newtonian dynamics in the form of mathematicalanalysis for the first time.In 1741, Euler joined the Berlin Academy of Science, where he remainedfor 25 years. In 1744 he became director of the academys mathematics section.During his stay in Berlin, he wrote over 200 articles, three books onmathematical analysis, and a scientific popularization, Letters to a Princess ofGermany (3 vols., 1768-72).

From Spiritual Leader to English Milk Maid: Colonialism and Maasai Women :: Essays Papers

From Spiritual Leader to English Milk Maid Colonialism and Maasai Women Before Western imposition of the nation state, Maasai men and women well-kept overlapping positions of power and social prestige among varying age groups. For centuries, there was no clear, gendered distinction between the domestic and the public/political domains, or among social, economical and political activities (36). Yet with the new compound parameters of male Maasai power beget from Western social systems, the Maasai embraced new modes of control and authority, becoming something that might be called decrepit (16). In this new pastoralist system, ethnic variances were disregarded, capitalistic profit drove foreign-native relations and Maasai women lost the place of honor and authority within Maasai conceptions of being Maasai. Prior to colonial contact, married women were significantly more influential than commonly supposed. In terms of wealth and economy, married women kept a size sufficient crop of h er own kine with exclusive rights to milk and byproducts of her herd and maintained links with neighboring agricultural groups, trading surplus milk, hides, smallstock and even donkeys for the needed grain and food stuffs (30). Women traditionally travelled to markets and trading settlements, visited friends and relatives at neighboring homesteads (27) and were free to take lovers prior to and after marriage, so long as traditional household duties were not neglected (31). Moreover, women were able to lobby judicial proceedings and mediate relationships between Maasai and God, thus expressing moral authority and power (33). However, beginning in 1890, Western colonialism reshaped the Maasais perception of who they should be. Though the German colonialism was uneven and limited, it weakened the Maasai through disease, and established the practice of state rule (37). Conforming the Maasai to colonial, and then national, agendas of progress, the assertion and expansion of state power reordered Maasai lives and livelihoods to suit Western needs (275). Subsequent British rule in the 1900s expanded on state authority with tribal relocations and new heads of households, enforcing neat alignments of ethnic identicalness with territorial identity on a mobile and nomadic people. Frustrated Westerners created a political hierarchy of Africans to ruled through co-optation (61) and instituted colonial taxes upon the men, disrupting cows ownership among men and women (69). Even in the 1960s, continuing a potentially lucrative source of state revenue, foreign organizations spent millions of dollars on the increase of Maasai productivity, yet the programs held no cultural sensitivity and flopped.